Integration management is a collection of processes required to ensure that the various elements of the projects are properly coordinated. It involves making trade-offs among competing objectives and alternatives to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations. Comprised of: Project plan development.

Scope (project management) ... Scope involves getting information required to start a project, and the features the product would have that would meet its stakeholders’ requirements. Project Scope: "The    work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions."

Project time management refers to a component of overall project management in which a timeline is analyzed and developed for the completion of a project or deliverable. ... Activity Sequencing– The process of project time management that defines the order in which deliverables must be completed

Cost management is the process of estimating, allocating, and controlling the costs in a project. It allows a business to predict coming expenses in order to reduce the chances of it going over budget. Projected costs are calculated during the planning phase of a project and must be approved before work begins.

Project quality can be defined as a product or service that has the ability to perform satisfactorily and is suitable for its intended purpose. If you build a great product, but it's not fit for purpose, that is, it's not suitable for its intended purpose, then the project has failed to meet its quality.

Integration management is a collection of processes required to ensure that the various elements of the projects are properly coordinated. It involves making trade-offs among competing objectives and alternatives to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations. Comprised of: Project plan development.

Project Communications Management includes the processes that are required to ensure timely and appropriate planning, collection, creation, distribution, storage, retrieval, management, control, monitoring, and the ultimate disposition of project information.

It is the process used by project managers to minimize any potential problems that may negatively impact a project's timetable. Risk is any unexpected event that might affect the people, processes, technology, and resources involved in a project.

What is the risk management process? ...

Step 1: Identify the Risk. ...

Step 2: Analyze the risk. ...

Step 3: Evaluate or Rank the Risk. ...

Step 4: Treat the Risk. ...

Step 5: Monitor and Review the risk. ...

The basics of the risk management process stay the same. ...

The Main Types of Business Risk

Strategic Risk.

Compliance Risk.

Operational Risk.

Financial Risk.

Reputational Risk.

Project procurement management is the creation of relationships with outside vendors and suppliers for goods and services needed to complete a project. This process is comprised of five steps, including initiating and planning, selecting, contract writing, monitoring, and closing and completing.

Stakeholder management is a critical component to the successful delivery of any project, programme or activity. A stakeholder is any individual, group or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a programme.

The standards eco-towns should meet include the following as set out in the 'draft Planning Policy Statement: eco-towns':

• Affordable housing: a minimum of 30% affordable housing in each eco-town
• Zero-carbon: eco-towns must be zero-carbon over the course of a year (not including transport emissions)
• Green space: a minimum of 40% of eco-towns must be greenspace
• Waste and recycling: eco-towns must have higher recycling rates and make use of waste in new ways
• Homes: homes must reach Code for Sustainable Homes level 4 or higher (surprisingly not the highest standard available, casting doubt on the credibility of these requirements)
• Employment: at least one job opportunity per house accessible by public transport, walking or cycling (although the standards are silent on how housing developers might guarantee this and it is largely discredited in the current economic crisis)
• Services: there must be shops and a primary school within easy walk of every single home, and all the services expected from a town of up to 20,000 homes
• Transition/construction: facilities should be in place before and during construction
• Public transport: real-time public transport information in every home, a public transport link within ten minutes walk of every home
• Community: there must be a mixture of housing types and densities, and residents must have a say in how their town is run, by governance in new and innovative ways.

There are further standards on water, biodiversity and other issues.

There is a short video about the standards.

The standards are subject to consultation and may therefore change. In Eco Towns, 32% of the total site will be used for housing and creating villages.

Every Eco Town that is built would have 14,000 proposed jobs such as manufacturing and industrial services.

These ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:

• Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city (suburbs or centre). This reduces the distance food has to travel from field to fork. Practical work out of this may be done by either small scale/private farming plots or through larger scale agriculture (e.g. farmscrapers).
• Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created from sewage. Cities provide economies of scale that make such energy sources viable.
• Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy demand), such as planting trees and lightening surface colors, natural ventilation systems, an increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at least 20% of the city's surface. These measures counter the "heat island effect" caused by an abundance of tarmac and asphalt, which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas—as much as six degrees Celsius during the evening.
• Improved public transport and an increase in pedestrianization to reduce car emissions. This requires a radically different approach to city planning, with integrated business, industrial, and residential zones. Roads may be designed to make driving difficult.
• Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid the creation of urban heat islands.
• Solutions to decrease urban sprawl, by seeking new ways of allowing people to live closer to the workspace. Since the workplace tends to be in the city, downtown, or urban center, they are seeking a way to increase density by changing the antiquated attitudes many suburbanites have towards inner-city areas. One of the new ways to achieve this is by solutions worked out by the Smart Growth Movement.
• Green roofs alter the surface energy balance and can help mitigate the urban heat island effect. Incorporating eco roofs or green roofs in your design will help with air quality, climate and water runoff.
• Zero-emission transport
• Zero-energy building
• Sustainable urban drainage systems or SUDS
• Energy conservation systems/devices
• Xeriscaping - garden and landscape design for water conservation
• Sustainable transport, incorporates five elements: fuel economy, occupancy, electrification, pedal power, and urbanization.
• Key Performance Indicators - development and operational management tool providing guidance and M&V for city administrators
• Sustainable Sites Initiative or SSI,Voluntary national guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, construction and maintenance practices. Key areas of focus are soil, vegetation, hydrology, materials, and human health and well being.
• Increase of Cycling infrastructure would increase cycling within cities and reduce the number of cars being driven and in turn reduce car emissions. This would also benefit the health of citizens as they would be able to get more exercise through cycling.
• Educating residents of cities about the positive impacts of living in a more sustainable city and why it is important would increase the initiative to have sustainable developments and push people to live in a more sustainable way.

is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or make a change or difference in the community are common types of civic engagement. Civic engagement includes communities working together in both political and non-political actions. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.

Civic engagement "is a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is absolutely "instrumental to democracy." Underrepresentation of groups in the government causes issues faced by groups such as minority, low-income, and younger groups to be overlooked or ignored. In turn, issues for higher voting groups are addressed more frequently causing more bills to be passed to fix these problems

can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective. It is a term that has formulations and theories in many areas of the social sciences including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and economics.

Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) was proposed which accounts for interrelationships among the three predictors as well as their predictive capacities for collective action. An important assumption of this approach is that people tend to respond to subjective states of disadvantage, which may or may not flow from objective physical and social reality.

Examining collective action through perceived injustice was initially guided by relative deprivation theory (RDT). RDT focuses on a subjective state of unjust disadvantage, proposing that engaging in fraternal (group-based) social comparisons with others may result in feelings of relative deprivation that foster collective action. Group-based emotions resulting from perceived injustice, such as anger, are thought to motivate collective action in an attempt to rectify the state of unfair deprivation. The extent to which individuals respond to this deprivation involves several different factors and varies from extremely high to extremely low across different settings.  Meta-analysis results confirm that effects of injustice causally predict collective action, highlighting the theoretical importance of this variable.

Moving beyond RDT, scholars suggested that in addition to a sense of injustice, people must also have the objective, structural resources necessary to mobilize change through social protest. An important psychological development saw this research instead directed towards subjective expectations and beliefs that unified effort (collective action) is a viable option for achieving group-based goals – this is referred to as perceived collective efficacy. Empirically, collective efficacy is shown to causally affect collective action among a number of populations across varied contexts.

Social identity theory (SIT) suggests that people strive to achieve and maintain positive social identities associated with their group memberships. Where a group membership is disadvantaged (for example, low status), SIT implicates three variables in the evocation of collective action to improve conditions for the group – permeability of group boundaries, legitimacy of the intergroup structures, and the stability of these relationships. For example, when disadvantaged groups perceive intergroup status relationships as illegitimate and unstable, collective action is predicted to occur, in an attempt to change status structures for the betterment of the disadvantaged group.

Meta-analysis results also confirm that social identity causally predicts collective action across a number of diverse contexts. Additionally, the integrated SIMCA affords another important role to social identity – that of a psychological bridge forming the collective base from which both collective efficacy and group injustice may be conceived.

While there is sound empirical support for the causal importance of SIMCA’s key theoretical variables on collective action, more recent literature has addressed the issue of reverse causation, finding support for a related, yet distinct, encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA). This model suggests that perceived group efficacy and perceived injustice provide the basis from which social identity emerges, highlighting an alternative causal pathway to collective action.